IMF Working Papers

Impact of Cross-Border Migration on the Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation in Latin America and in the Caribbean Countries

By Cassie Chen Xiang, Manuk Ghazanchyan

August 22, 2025

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Format: Chicago

Cassie Chen Xiang, and Manuk Ghazanchyan. "Impact of Cross-Border Migration on the Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation in Latin America and in the Caribbean Countries", IMF Working Papers 2025, 167 (2025), accessed August 29, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229021456.001

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Disclaimer: IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.

Summary

Migration has been typically accompanied by persistently large gender gaps in labor force participation (LFP) rates within the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries from 1990 to 2020. However, the impact of both emigration (moving abroad) and immigration (coming in to the host country), and their joint effect on gender gap in labor force participation in LAC remains to be explored. This paper fills this gap by using both country-level data across LAC countries and individual-level data within Colombia as a supplementary case study. Our country-level analysis of LAC countries from 1991 to 2019 reveals that emigration is associated with decreased labor force participation rates, particularly among women. Supporting these findings, and based on data on Colombia from 2017 to 2019, we found that remittances, serving as a proxy for emigration, are associated with reduced labor force participation, especially among less-educated, older, and informal-sector women workers shaped by structural barriers and policy gaps. The reduced LFP rates for all genders are also shown with the influx of Venezuelan immigrants (serving as a proxy for an immigration shock) in the Colombian case.

Subject: Balance of payments, Cross-border effects, Financial sector policy and analysis, Gender, Gender diversity, Gender inequality, Labor, Labor force participation, Labor supply, Migration, Population and demographics, Remittances, Women

Keywords: Caribbean, Central America, Cross-border effects, Emigration, Gender diversity, Gender inequality, Gender Inequality, Immigration, Labor force participation, Labor Force Participation, Labor supply, Latin America and Caribbean, Migration, North America, Remittances, South America, Women

Publication Details

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