Selected Issues Papers

ECCU CBI Programs: Regional Significance and Risks

By Janne A Hukka

May 30, 2025

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Format: Chicago

Janne A Hukka. "ECCU CBI Programs: Regional Significance and Risks", Selected Issues Papers 2025, 067 (2025), accessed July 4, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229012584.018

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Summary

The Citizenship-by-Investment Programs (CBI) have long been recognized in their importance to fiscal revenue in the ECCU, but there is less clarity over their broader economic contributions. At the same time, investor demand in this market can be highly unpredictable, especially as the programs have come under increased international scrutiny. This paper takes stock of recent CBI developments in the ECCU and estimates that total investments under these programs far outweigh those directly contributing to government revenue. This underscores the need for ongoing regional efforts to reduce the CBI programs’ risk susceptibility as well as to strengthen management of residual risks, including through: (i) clearer provisions for CBI revenues’ budget use to mitigate fiscal risks; and (ii) enhanced transparency standards and ex-post assessments of CBI projects to inform regional best practices, assessments of the program’s systemic significance, and development of contingency plans.

Subject: Balance of payments, Contingency planning, Economic integration, Economic sectors, Financial crises, Foreign direct investment, Foreign exchange, Monetary unions, Tourism

Keywords: Caribbean, CBI investment option, CBI programs' risk susceptibility, CBI reform initiative, Citizenship-by-Investment, Contingency planning, ECCU, Foreign Direct Investment, Government CBI revenue, Monetary unions, Non-tax Government Revenue, Post assessments of CBI, Tourism

Publication Details

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