Rapid technological change promises higher economic growth, but it also presents many challenges. As new jobs are created, others are lost, and the burden of adjustment can be heavy for some. At the same time, the benefits of growth might not be equally shared, with capital owners and the higher skilled benefiting more than others. Technological change, in combination with increased globalization of product and factor markets and liberalization of labor markets, often comes with increasing employment and income uncertainty throughout many peoples’ lives. Working lives will involve more frequent transitions across jobs and job statuses. Are today’s social protection systems up to the challenge? Do these developments require rethinking how society deals with increasing risk? What is the role of enhancing human capital to address inequality of opportunity? What is the role of redistributive taxes and transfers? Or is a bigger rethinking of public policy needed, rather than just doing the old things better?